Peer relationships become a major concern in adolescence, yet event-related potential (ERP) measures of reactivity to social feedback in adolescence are limited. In this pilot study, we tested a novel task to elicit reactivity to social feedback in youth. Participants (10–15 years old; 57.9% male; N = 19) played a game that involved exchanging personal information with peers, voting to remove players from the game, and receiving rejection and acceptance feedback from peers. Results indicated that participants modified their voting behavior in response to peer feedback, and rejection feedback was associated with a negativity in the ERP wave compared to acceptance (i.e., the feedback negativity, FN). The FN predicted behavioral patterns, such that participants who showed greater neural reactivity to social feedback were less likely to reject co-players. Preliminary analyses suggest that the task may be a useful measure of individual differences: adolescents higher in social anxiety symptoms were less likely to reject peers and showed an enhanced FN to rejection vs. acceptance feedback, and higher depressive symptoms predicted an increased FN to rejection specifically. Results suggest that the FN elicited by social feedback may be a useful, economical neural measure of social processing across development and in clinical research.

Reward processing is often considered to be a monolithic construct, with different incentive types eliciting equivalent neural and behavioural responses. The majority of the literature on reward processing has used monetary incentives to elicit reward-related activity; yet social incentives may be particularly important due to their powerful ability to shape behaviour. Findings from studies comparing social and monetary rewards have identified both overlapping and distinct responses. In order to explore whether reward processing is domain-general or category-specific (i.e., the same or different across reward types), the present study recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from early adolescents (ages 12-13) and emerging adults (ages 18-25) while they completed social and monetary reward tasks. Temporospatial principal components analysis revealed morphologically-similar reward positivities (RewPs) in the social and monetary reward tasks in each age group. In early adolescents, no significant difference was found between the magnitude of the RewP to social and monetary rewards. In emerging adults, however, the RewP to monetary rewards was significantly larger than the RewP to social rewards. Additionally, responses to feedback between the two tasks were not significantly correlated in either age group. These results suggest that both domain-general and category-specific processes underlie neural responses to rewards and that the relative incentive value of different types of rewards may change across development. Findings from this study have important implications for understanding the role that neural response to rewards plays in the development of psychopathology during adolescence.

Peer relationships play a major role in adolescent development, but few methods exist for measuring social processing at the neurophysiological level. This study extends our pilot study of Island Getaway, a task for eliciting event-related potentials (ERPs) to peer feedback. We differentiated ERPs using principal components analysis (PCA) and examined associations with behavioral and self-report measures in young adolescents (N = 412). PCA revealed an early negativity in the ERP enhanced for rejection feedback, followed by a series of positivities (consistent with reward positivity [RewP], P300, and late positive potential) that were enhanced for acceptance feedback. Greater self-reported task engagement correlated with a larger RewP to acceptance and lower rates of rejecting peers. Youth higher in depressive symptoms exhibited a blunted RewP to social acceptance and reported lower engagement. Results highlight ERP components sensitive to peer feedback that may inform understanding of social processes relevant to typical and atypical development.

85Coronavirus 2019 , caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become the 86 deadliest pandemic in modern history, reaching nearly every country worldwide and 87 overwhelming healthcare institutions. As of April 20, there have been more than 2.4 88 million confirmed cases with over 160,000 deaths. Extreme case surges coupled with 89 challenges in forecasting the clinical course of affected patients have necessitated 90 thoughtful resource allocation and early identification of high-risk patients. However, 91 136 (11.1) 158 (8.6) Diabetes (%) 313 (25.5) 466 (25.5) Asthma (%) 115 (9.4) 132 (7.2) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (%) 65 (5.3) 103 (5.6) Cancer (%) 112 (9.1) 94 (5.1) Vital Signs at Hospital Admission, Median (IQR) Heart Rate (bpm) 89 (78 -100) 89 (78 -100) Pulse Oximetry (%) 96 (94 -98) 96 (94 -98) Respiration Rate (breaths / minute) 20 (18 -20) 18 (18 -20) Temperature (F) 98.7 (98.1 -99.9) 97.9 (98.6 -99.5) Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 124 (112 -138) 127 (112 -142) Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 69 (61 -78) 72 (65 -81) Weight (kg) 80.9 (68.9 -95.3) 78.9 (68.04 -91.7) Admission Laboratory Parameters, Median (IQR) Metabolic markers Sodium (mEq/L) 137 (135 -140) 138 (135 -141) Potassium (mEq/L) 4 (3.6 -4.5) 4.2 (3.9 -4.7) Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.9 (0.7 -1.4) 1.0 (0.8 -1.6) Lactate (mg/dL) 1.7 (1.3 -2.

This study examines the effect of a home visiting intervention on maternal alcohol use, problematic drinking, and the association of home visiting and alcohol use on children's behavioral, cognitive, and health outcomes at 5 time points over 5 years. Method: We analyzed 5,099 observations of 1,236 mothers and their children from pregnancy to 5 years postbirth, within a longitudinal clusterrandomized trial evaluating the effect of a home visiting intervention on mothers in Cape Town, South Africa. Paraprofessional home visitors coached mothers on coping with multiple risk factors, including a brief, 1-visit intervention on alcohol prevention in pregnancy. We assessed changes in maternal drinking over time in relation to the intervention, and then examined the impact of these drinking patterns on child outcomes over five years. Results: Drinking increased over the 5 years postbirth, but it was significantly lower in the intervention condition. Compared with abstinence, mothers' problematic drinking was associated with decreased child weight (Ϫ0.21 z-units) at all assessments, increased child aggressive behavior (3 to 7 additional symptoms), and decreased child performance on an executive functioning measure (the silly sounds task; odds ratio ϭ .34) at 3 and 5 years. The intervention's effect was associated with increased child aggression (0.25 to 0.75 of 1 additional symptom), but the intervention appeared to decrease the effect of problem drinking on children's aggressive acts and executive functioning. Conclusion: These findings support the need for sustained interventions to reduce alcohol use, especially for mothers who exhibit problematic drinking. Maternal drinking influences children's health and development over time. What is the public health significance of this article?This study highlights the need for home visiting programs that address maternal drinking during pregnancy and early childhood. Even brief alcohol interventions, nested within a generalist home visiting intervention, result in less problematic drinking over the next 5 years. The findings demonstrate that problematic alcohol use is associated with children's increased challenge to maintain healthy growth, inhibitory control, and nonaggressive behavior overtime.

The COVID-19 pandemic has yielded disproportionate impacts on communities of color in New York City (NYC). Researchers have noted that social disadvantage may result in limited capacity to socially distance, and consequent disparities. We investigate the association between neighborhood social disadvantage and the ability to socially distance, infections, and mortality in Spring 2020. We combine Census Bureau and NYC open data with SARS-CoV-2 testing data using supervised dimensionality-reduction with Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sums regression. The result is a ZIP code-level index with weighted social factors associated with infection risk. We find a positive association between neighborhood social disadvantage and infections, adjusting for the number of tests administered. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with a proxy of the capacity to socially isolate, NYC subway usage data. Finally, our index is associated with COVID-19-related mortality.

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Peer victimization (or bullying) is a known risk factor for depression, especially among youth. However, the mechanisms connecting victimization experience to depression symptoms remains unknown. As depression is known to be associated with neural blunting to monetary rewards, aberrant responsiveness to social rewards may be a key deficit connecting socially stressful experiences with later depression. We, therefore, sought to determine whether adolescents’ experiences with social stress would be related to their current response to social rewards over less socially relevant monetary rewards. Neural responses to monetary and social rewards were measured using event-related potentials (ERPs) to peer acceptance and rejection feedback (Island Getaway task) and to monetary reward and loss feedback (Doors task) in a sample of 56 late adolescents/emerging young adults followed longitudinally since preschool. In the Island Getaway task, participants voted whether to “keep” or “kick out” each co-player, providing an index of prosocial behavior, and then received feedback about how each player voted for the participant. Analyses tested whether early and recent peer victimization was related to response to rewards (peer acceptance or monetary gains), residualized for response to losses (peer rejection or monetary losses) using the reward positivity (RewP) component. Findings indicated that both experiencing greater early and greater recent peer victimization were significantly associated with participants casting fewer votes to keep other adolescents (“Keep” votes) and that greater early peer victimization was associated with reduced neural response to peer acceptance. Early and recent peer victimization were significantly more associated with neural response to social than monetary rewards. Together, these findings suggest that socially injurious experiences such as peer victimization, especially those occurring early in childhood, relate to two distinct but important findings: that early victimization is associated with later reduced response to peer acceptance, and is associated with later tendency to reject peers. Findings also suggest that there is evidence of specificity to reward processing of different types; thus, future research should expand studies of reward processing beyond monetary rewards to account for the possibility that individual differences may be related to other, more relevant, reward types.