Context Social anxiety disorder is thought to involve emotional hyper-reactivity, cognitive distortions, and ineffective emotion regulation. While the neural bases of emotional reactivity to social stimuli have been described, the neural bases of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat, and their relationship to social anxiety symptom severity, have yet to be investigated. Objective This study investigated behavioral and neural correlates of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in patients and controls during processing of social and physical threat stimuli. Design Participants were trained to implement cognitive-linguistic regulation of emotional reactivity induced by social (harsh facial expressions) and physical (violent scenes) threat while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing behavioral ratings of negative emotion experience. Setting Academic psychology department. Participants 15 adults with social anxiety disorder and 17 demographically-matched healthy controls. Main Outcome Measures Blood oxygen level dependent signal and negative emotion ratings. Results Behaviorally, patients reported greater negative emotion than controls during social and physical threat, but showed equivalent reduction in negative emotion following cognitive regulation. Neurally, viewing social threat resulted in greater emotion-related neural responses in patients than controls, with social anxiety symptom severity related to activity in a network of emotion and attention processing regions in patients only. Viewing physical threat produced no between-group differences. Regulation during social threat resulted in greater cognitive and attention regulation-related brain activation in controls compared to patients. Regulation during physical threat produced greater cognitive control-related response (i.e., right DLPFC) in patients compared to controls. Conclusions Compared to controls, patients demonstrated exaggerated negative emotion reactivity and reduced cognitive regulation related neural activation, specifically for social threat stimuli. These findings help to elucidate potential neural mechanisms of emotion regulation that might serve as biomarkers for interventions for social anxiety disorder.

One of the most exciting social movements of our time is the surging interest in Yoga practice and research. It is important that bridges between Yoga practitioners and academic scientists be forged in order to produce high-quality, reliable research. Such bridges often arise from formal and informal discussions at conferences, local Yoga studios, and centers for mind-body practice or research. One important upcoming event that will connect the Yoga community and the scientific community is the inaugural Symposium on Yoga Therapy and Research (SYTAR) to be held in Los Angeles in January 2007.